Human TNF-α
Description Human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), also called TNFSF2 (TNF ligand superfamily member 2), is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced mainly by activated monocytes and macrophages in response to infection, injury, and tumor burden. TNF-α production has also been reported for a variety of other cell types involved in inflammatory responses, including T cells, NK cells, and neutrophils as well as a number of non-immune cells, such as keratinocytes and astrocytes. TNF-α has a broad spectrum of biological activities. In addition to its central role in inflammation, TNF-α is noted for its cytotoxic and tumoricidal abilities either by necrosis or induction of apoptosis. Further functions include antiviral activity, growth modulation, and induction of cellular differentiation. Despite its various beneficial actions, TNF-α also plays a detrimental role in, for example, septic shock syndrome, tissue injury, inflammation, cachexia, and diabetes. Applications TNF-α can be used for numerous applications including: induction of Mo-DC maturation, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays, assessment of apoptosis and viral protection, investigation of TNF-α–induced signaling pathways. Quality description Research grade Research grade is the standard quality for all our products. They are sterile-filtered and have passed an accurate quality control. Generally, endotoxin levels are below 0.1 ng/µg (< 1 EU/µg), and purities are higher than 95%. The biological activity has usually been tested employing appropriate bioassays, and a minimum activity is assured. Otherwise the ED50 value is given. Premium grade For demanding applications, selected human cytokines and growth factors are available in premium grade quality having a particular high and well-defined biological activity. They have passed stringent quality control criteria, and the purity is higher than 97%. The biological activity has been determined after lyophilization in direct comparison with the respective WHO standards. Certificates of analysis stating lot-specific biological activities are available on request. Furthermore, premium grade cytokines display the major characteristics of our line of GMP grade cytokines. Premium grade products are widely used, e.g, for the generation of dendritic cells and the cultivation of stem cells. Alternative names TNFSF2		Figure 1 Human TNF-α activity assay. The biological activity of Human TNF-α, premium grade was determined by inhibition assay using L-929 cells.

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